This tutorial provides a step-by-step guide to creating custom UI controls using Expression Blend, using the example of a simple on-off switch.
Introduction
Aren’t there times where you need to add a Control in your Form or Page while in designer mode? Yes, the first place to look is your Toolbox. But what if there isn’t a Control that fits exactly to your needs? At those times you were relying on your code. Drawing on Canvas on some platforms or extending other Controls and overriding onPaint methods on other. A time consuming process including many application runs and debugging until achieving a satisfying result. Not to mention the effort needed to animate the Control.In our case, Windows Phone, you will be surprised how few Controls are at your disposal. Controls that are often used or found in other applications that came preinstalled with the phone are not in your Toolbox (like the on/off switch of the Settings application). This article’s title could more accurately be “Breaking the ice between the developer and Expression Blend”. That’s because, in this article, I’ll try to vanquish the fear of someone else (even a tool) editing your code and the belief that everything is best done when done in code. Expression Blend is a very powerful tool and easy to use in order to quickly achieve very common but also time consuming jobs.
For this article you will need Visual Studio 2010 and Microsoft Expression Blend. We will create a custom Control to use as an on/off switch. So, let’s get started.
Getting started
Let us first create a Windows Phone project.Start Visual Studio then go to File -> New -> Project…
Then select Visual C# -> Silverlight for Windows Phone -> Windows Phone Application
At the bottom give the Name SwitchProject to your project.
If you have both Windows Phone SDK 7.0 and 7.1 installed you will be prompted to select one. Select Windows Phone OS 7.0 as we won’t need something that came with the 7.1 SDK.
Now you should be able to see the initial project that the Visual Studio has created. Just for verification, you can see that the toolbox doesn’t have the Switch control that you so desperately need! No worries, we will create one ourselves.
Right click your project’s name on the Solution Explorer and select Add -> New Item…
Then, from the screen that shows up, select Visual C# -> Silverlight for Windows Phone -> Windows Phone User Control.
Let’s call it MySwitch.xaml.
As you can see, two new files have been added in your solution. The MySwitch.xaml and the code-behind file MySwitch.xaml.cs. On the XAML editing panel you should see the code below and a big 480x480 square in the designing panel waiting for us to draw on it.
<UserControl x:Class="SwitchProject.MySwitch" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" mc:Ignorable="d" FontFamily="{StaticResource PhoneFontFamilyNormal}" FontSize="{StaticResource PhoneFontSizeNormal}" Foreground="{StaticResource PhoneForegroundBrush}" d:DesignHeight="480" d:DesignWidth="480"> <Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot"> </Grid> </UserControl>
First steps in Expression Blend
Now start Expression Blend. Click File -> Open Project/Solution… and select our SwitchProject.csproj from the disk.Wait… what? What a design tool has to do with our C# project? Well, Expression Blend is a tool for designing XAML interfaces for applications built with Silverlight and WPF. Silverlight and XAML is our case so it’s completely normal for Expression Blend to be able to open it!
So, after opening the project you will notice our project appearing in the Solution Explorer just like we left it back in Visual Studio.
Double click the MySwitch.xaml file.
In the center of the screen, the designing panel, you can see the empty 480x480 rectangle that we saw in Visual Studio. On the left you can see a tab with the name Objects and Timeline. In this tab we can see the hierarchy of controls and shapes used in our Control. It is the tab that we will use for the rest of the article. For now, our control consists of only a Grid named LayoutRoot as we would expect from the xaml code above. The root node in the hierarchy tree represents our control as a whole and it is named [UserControl]. Click it.
We don’t want our switch to be that big so we will change its size. To do so we could just drag the edges in the designing panel or we can use the Layout area that appears at the right of the screen under ther Properties tab. Let’s just edit the width and height from there and set it to Width=160 and Height=80 (that’s big enough for presentation reasons).
Now that we are satisfied with our Control’s size let’s start drawing in it. On the far left of the screen click the Rectangle button (or press M on your keyboard). Our mouse cursor will be transformed into a cross. Drag the mouse and create a rectangle like shown below. A rectangle was added in our hierarchy. Click it so that we can change some of its properties.
On the Brushes area on the right, click on Fill and select No Brush and then click on Stroke and select the white color (#FFFFFFFF).
On the Appearance area set the StrokeThickness property to 4.
That’s all we had to do to create a border for our switch. Give it the name BorderRect setting the Name property in the Properties tab.
Now let’s add a bit of color so that we know when our switch is on or off. We will add another rectangle for that. From the Layout area set the rectangle’s Width, Height and Margin properties to make it exactly fit into BorderRect. Also on the Brushes area, click on Fill and set it to red (#FFFF0000) and then click on Stroke and select No Brush. Finally set the StrokeThickness property to 0. Let’s name it FillRect.
One more rectancle and our switch is done. The last rectangle will represent the actual switch. So place it at the right and allow its size to exceed the BorderRect. I set it to Width=40 and Height=80. Set white (#FFFFFFFF) for Fill, No Brush for Stroke and set StrokeThickness to 0. Finally let’s name it SwitchRect.
Save our work! The drawing is done and our hierarchy should look like below.
Turning on and off the switch with animation
The drawing is done but we need to give our switch some life by animating its on and off functions. We’ll do this with StoryBoards.
Click on the plus sign at the top right of the Objects and Timeline tab. A window will appear asking us to give the new StoryBoard a name. Type TurnOffStoryBoard. Now our Objects and Timeline tab should look like the above. On the right side is where we will set the states that the rectangles we drew before will have.
To turn off the switch we need to turn our FillRect to transparent and place our SwitchRect to the left. So follow these steps:
- Click the FillRect.
- Set the Timeline at time 0 and click the Record Keyframe button.
- On the Appearance area at the properties ensure the Opacity property is set at 100%.
- Now set the Timeline at 1. That would be the duration of our storyboard. It’s a bit slow for a switch to take one second to turn off but it’s fine for our tutorial.
- Click the Record Keyframe button again to set the state of our FillRect at that moment. Now change the Opacity property to 0%.
- Now we will define how the transition from one Keyframe to the
other will happen. To do so click somewhere in the shapes representing
the Keyframes and in its Properties tabs choose an easing
function to use. Use the play button of the StoryBoard to actually see
the animation we created. I think the Cubic out is fine.
- Selecting an easing function for the animation
-
- Time to animate the SwitchRect now. So click it, set the Timeline back to 0 and click the Record Keyframe button. Our SwitchRect is in position so let’s move on.
- Set the Timeline to 1 and press the Record Keyframe one last time.
- Now we need to send the SwitchRect to the left side of the control. We won’t do that by changing its position or margin or size as these properties cannot be changed in a StoryBoard. We will use the Transform area of the properties. So, select the Translate tab and set the property X=-120 (move back 120 pixels) and leave Y=0.
- Finally, select the same easing curve for this animation.
- You can now click the play button to see the animation in its full glory!
So far so good. We drew our switch and we made it move. Now save everything and let’s go back to Visual Studio to use it on our application!
Using our control in code
When switching back to Visual Studio you will probably see a message informing you that someone has edited your MySwitch.xaml file without using the Visual Studio. That’s right, Expression Blend did. Click “Yes” to reload it.
As you can see a new element in our xaml has been added named UserControl.Resources and our LayoutRoot Grid now contains our three rectangles. Finally you can see the shape of our switch on the designer panel.
Now we need our control to handle the user interaction. For that reason we will add an event listener to our Grid to get user touches. We will register to the Grid’s MouseLeftButtonDown event and our Grid should look like below in xaml.
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" MouseLeftButtonDown="LayoutRoot_MouseLeftButtonDown" > <Rectangle x:Name="BorderRect" Margin="8" Stroke="White" StrokeThickness="4"/> <Rectangle x:Name="FillRect" Margin="12" StrokeThickness="0" Fill="Red"/> <Rectangle x:Name="SwitchRect" Fill="White" HorizontalAlignment="Right" StrokeThickness="0" Width="40" Height="80" RenderTransformOrigin="0.5,0.5"> <Rectangle.RenderTransform> <CompositeTransform/> </Rectangle.RenderTransform> </Rectangle> </Grid>
private void LayoutRoot_MouseLeftButtonDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e) { }
LayoutRoot.MouseLeftButtonDown+=new MouseButtonEventHandler(LayoutRoot_MouseLeftButtonDown);
public bool SwitchIsON { get; private set; }
public partial class MySwitch : UserControl { public bool SwitchIsON { get; private set; } public event EventHandler StateChanged; public MySwitch() { InitializeComponent(); SwitchIsON = true; } private void LayoutRoot_MouseLeftButtonDown(object sender, MouseButtonEventArgs e) { if (SwitchIsON) TurnOffStoryBoard.Begin(); else TurnOnStoryBoard.Begin(); SwitchIsON = !SwitchIsON; if (StateChanged != null) StateChanged(this, null); } }
- Our control can now be found in the Toolbox
- Our application's first run
Well… let us just check one last thing.
Being user theme friendly
What if the user of the application changes the theme preferences of the phone? Let’s say to “light” and “blue”. Let’s see what will happen to our application?- The user changes the phone's theme
- Our switch is gone!
Go back to Expression Blend and open our project again. We have to change the colors we used to match the user's theme. To do so we will replace the white color we used in our rectangles with the PhoneContrastBackgroundBrush and the red color with the PhoneAccentBrush. You will find those brushes under the Brush Resources tab of the Brushes area. Save everything and lets run our application again.
- We did it!
